aaronsmithtumbler:

Older forms of English kept Latin’s gender-specific suffixes -tor and -trix;  tor is for men and trix is for women. So a male pilot is an aviator, a female pilot is an aviatrix. A male fighter is a gladiator, a female fighter is a gladiatrix.

This contrasts with the modern system, where tor is for both men and women, and trix are for kids.

Celtic Languages Resource List

patron-saint-of-smart-asses:

a-second-soul:

Soooo since I’ve been learning Welsh for a while I thought about making a list to share a few resources to learn Celtic languages! (I’ll keep updating this post!)

Welsh

General information and links: WikipediaOmniglot

Online courses: BBC + Big Welsh Challenge, Say Something in Welsh, Learn Welsh Now, Learn Welsh, Surface Languages

Online dictionaries: here, here and here 

Learning vocabulary: Memrise is a good start, I highly recommend this course

Course books and dictionaries to buy: Teach Yourself Welsh (also look for the older versions ‘cause some of them are better), Colloquial Welsh, Welsh in Three Months, Basic Welsh, Intermediate Welsh, Cwrs Mynediad (A1), Cwrs Sylfaen (A2), Welsh for BeginnersModern Welsh GrammarModern Welsh Dictionary

Books for the Welsh learner (beginner to intermediate level): E-Ffrindiau, Bywyd Blodwen Jones, Cant Y Cant

Books in Welsh (translation): Harry Potter, The Very Hungry Caterpillar, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

Welsh books: here’s a website

Other cool stuff: Welsh songs, Welsh mythology in Welsh, BBC Cymru, S4C (Welsh TV), Welsh radio

Irish

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: Duolingo, Bitesize Irish Gaelic (not free), Erin’s Web, some basics on YouTube, Talk Irish (not free)

Online dictionaries: here, here and here

Learning vocabulary: Duolingo vocabulary + other

Course books and dictionaries to buy: Gaeilge Gan Stró, Basic Irish, Intermediate Irish, Teach Yourself Irish, Spoken World: Irish, Progress in IrishColloquial Irish, Irish for BeginnersIrish Grammar, Irish Dictionary

Books in Irish (translation): The Hobbit, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Harry Potter, Around the World in Eighty Days

Irish books: here is a website

Other cool stuff: Irish covers of English songs, Irish TV channel and radio

Scottish Gaelic

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: Gàidhlig air YouTube, BBC, Speaking Our Language, and this list of useful links 

Online dictionaries: here, here and here

Learning vocabulary: Memrise offers lots of courses 

Course books and dictionaries to buy: Teach Yourself Scottish Gaelic, Colloquial Scottish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic in Three Months, Everyday Gaelic, Gaelic VerbsScottish Gaelic Dictionary

Books in Scottish Gaelic: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

Scottish Gaelic Books: here is a website

Breton

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: Loecsen (only basics!), Langoland, Kervaker

Online dictionaries: here and here (this one’s French <-> Breton)

Learning vocabulary: Memrise again

Course books and dictionaries to buy: Colloquial Breton, Breton Grammar, Breton Dictionary and Phrase Book – if you know French, there is more: Le breton pour les nuls, Assimil Breton, Parler breton comme un Breton 

Breton books: here is a website

Other cool stuff: Breton radio

Cornish

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: Say Something in Cornish, BBC, A Handbook of the Cornish Language, First Grade Course, Second/Third Grade Course, Learn Cornish Now

Online dictionaries: here and here (this one’s Welsh <-> Cornish) 

Learning vocabulary: Memrise again

Course books and dictionaries to buy: My First Words in CornishThe Lexicon of Revived Cornish

Other cool stuff: Cornish radio/podcasts

Manx

General Information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: Learn Manx, A Practical Grammar

Online dictionaries: here

Learning vocabulary: Memrise

Course books and dictionaries to buy: Talk Now! Manx, Manx Dictionary

Other cool stuffread in Manx, Manx radio, Manx YouTube channel

Cumbric

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: Cumbraek

Gaulish and Modern Gaulish (revived Old Gaulish)

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: The Modern Gaulish Language

Learning vocabulary: Memrise 

Galatian

General information and links: Wikipedia 

Other cool stuff: Galatian words in Turkish

Lepontic

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: basic information

Other cool stuff: a collection of Lepontic inscriptions, more information

Celtiberian

General information and links: Wikipedia, Omniglot

Online courses: some basics

If you’re learning one of the more “popular” Celtic languages, you can also use lang-8 to practice your writing skills! 

@missourien

toast-potent:

captainsnoop:

i’ll never understand why we don’t call countries the names they actually call themselves 

like, i know this is a weeaboo-sounding example, but let’s start with Japan. They call themselves Nippon or Nihon depending on… i guess, the speaker’s accent??? or their level of formality while speaking??? I dunno. But we still called them Zipangu for like a few hundred years. And now we call them Japan. 

All because Marco Polo asked someone in China about that island over there and they said “oh that’s Cipangu” and Marco Polo was like “Oh, Zipangu, cool.” And then he went back to Italy and said “Y’ALL THERE’S THIS DOPE-ASS ISLAND CALLED ZIPANGU” and people back in Italy were like “An island called Giappone? Dope.” 

And this pattern of people mishearing people kept repeating until we got to “Japan.” 

And we still call them Japan even though we know better. Because fuck you, Marco Polo asked the wrong person 500 years ago and misheard them and we’re sticking to that, I guess. 

that was literally just the world’s worst game of telephone

Is it true that Eostre was misinterpreted as being an ancient pagan godess, when in fact it was simply the name of a month?

patron-saint-of-smart-asses:

mademoiseli:

residinginpurgatory:

I don’t know the exact etymological origins of Easter, nor what Eostre is exactly. All I can tell you is that anyone who uses “Eostre” as evidence that Easter is a pagan tradition is a charlatan; if you look at the word for the holiday in basically any other language, it is a variation of Passover/Pesach.

A lot of these loose connections between Christian terms and “pagan” terms are actually very English centric

You can only make a haphazard connection between the word Eoster and the Christian celebration of Easter if you are thinking in the context of the English language.

Here’s how you say Easter in various other languages:

  • Spanish: Pascua
  • Portuguese: Páscoa
  • French: Pâques
  • Italian: Pasqua
  • Romanian: Pasti
  • Greek: Paskha
  • Danish: Paaske
  • Russian: Paskha

In most, if not all of these cases, the word for Easter doubles as the word for the Jewish Passover. So for a good part of the Christian word, the word for Easter is completely unrelated to this “Eostre.” In some countries, it’s simply called “Resurrection Festival.”

This sort of reminds me of a claim from that Zeitgeist movie, about how supposedly the term “Son of God” came from the phrase “Sun of God” somehow indicating that Christianity was derived from pagan sun worship. But again, this is a very ignorant and English centric claim, because it assumes that the words “son” and “sun” sound the same in every language on earth.

By the way, if you find movies like the Zeigeist as painfully annoying as I do, here’s a good article on the inaccuracies presented in the movie.

Plus. Eostre is a Germanic word, from Central Europe, and Christianity first took root in the Middle East and Mediterranean. So yeah, anyone who makes that claim is ignorant of both etymology and history.

nymphastral:

Please, please, please whenever you see a person who can’t speak English do not criticise them because of this. Look, learning English for a non-Indo-European language speaker, is hard. Think of Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, Turkish, Zulu, Thai, Swahili, Chinese and Arabic people and the others. It’s no like a German native learning French, or an English native learning Spanish. Think of a completely different structure, strange vowels, and foreign idioms. Think of a massive amount of cultural diversity, think of us. So, please, whenever you see someone whose native is a minority language, but speaks English anyway, appreciate them. Tell them this is an amazing success and try to help them to get better. Please.